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FIRST AID SKILL #1: HOW TO CLEAN A WOUND Whether it`s a small scrape, a burn, or a deep cut, the first step to recovery should be to clean the wound to prevent infection. An infected wound can lead to a long list of more serious health problems, so it`s important to sterilize the wound immediately. Before touching a wound, you must first clean your hands thoroughly using soap and water. If none is available, hand sanitizer would be an appropriate alternative. This makes sure that there is no harmful bacteria on your hands before treating an open wound. Next, find a clean cloth, gauze, paper towel, or other absorbent and apply gentle pressure onto the wound until the bleeding stops. If bleeding continues and oozes through the material, add another layer and seek medical attention immediately. Once the bleeding has slowed, you will want to rinse the wound with water. Some say hydrogen peroxide is the best solution to rinse a wound but using too much is actually harmful to the tissue. To be on the safe side, stick with water. Now that the wound has been rinsed, you will want to apply an antibiotic cream or ointment to help keep the skin moist and further reduce the risk of infection. These products can be found over the counter at any local drug store. Lastly, you will want to apply a bandage to the wound. Minor scrapes and cuts don`t require bandages, but many wounds do. Things like band-aids don`t only help reduce bleeding and contain blood, but they also act as a barrier that keeps out germs. FIRST AID SKILL #2: HOW TO STOP SEVERE BLEEDING Unfortunately, dangerous accidents and incidents can occur at any moment. These moments could lead to heavy bleeding, or worse, a tragic death due to blood loss. A 2018 review estimates that each year, about 60,000 Americans die from hemorrhaging, or severe blood loss. Profuse bleeding is a result of the body`s inability to form a clot. Such a situation can result in the body eventually bleeding out. If witness to such a situation, bystanders are advised to apply pressure on the wound – ideally with a sterile clean cloth. In case of an emergency, T-shirts or other articles of clothing will also work. A secondary measure, like raising the wounded limb over the heart also helps slow down the heavy bleeding. It is crucial to recognize signs of arterial bleeding, as someone suffering from arterial blood loss can die within minutes. Arterial wounds pulsate as they bleed and the blood is usually bright red. In such a situation, applying constant pressure until medical professionals arrive is the only way to possibly save the victim`s life. FIRST AID SKILL #3: HOW TO APPLY CPR (CARDIO-PULMONARY RESUSCITATION) Cardiac arrest is one of the most common causes of death in America. The heart stops pumping blood, and the victim is brain-dead after approximately four minutes. According to the American Heart Association, over occur outside a hospital or healthcare facility each year, highlighting the need for widespread emergency first-aid knowledge and training. However, only 32% of public cardiac arrest victims receive CPR from bystanders. Bystander-applied-CPR can increase survival rates by 300%. Here`s how bystanders can apply CPR: CHEST COMPRESSIONS If the cardiac arrest victim has ceased breathing, place the heel of your hand in the middle of the victim`s chest, and place the other hand on top – interlacing your fingers. Compress the chest (at least two inches in each compression) in consecutive compressions, up to 100 a minute. Important things to remember: Let the chest recoil completely after every compression Snaps and popping sounds are common at the beginning of compressions RESCUE BREATHING After 30 compressions, the victim needs an open airway for breathing. Pinch the victim`s nose closed to prevent oxygen loss, and make a seal over the victim's mouth using your mouth. Follow by exhaling a big breath inside the victim (big enough to feel the victim's chest rising). The procedure is repeated after the victim's chests fall in place. In case the victim`s chest does not rise, reposition the victims head and try again. REPEAT THE TWO PROCEDURES Follow Rescue Breathing by another set of 30 compressions followed by two rescue breaths. CHECK FOR BREATHING Constantly check if the victim is breathing after chest compressions and rescue breaths. The American Heart Association doesn`t advise everyone to learn rescue breathing. All you have to do is put your hands over the victim`s heart and push, to the beat of [Stayin` Alive" by the Bee Gees. You may stop administering CPR once victim`s breathing resumes. FIRST AID SKILL #4: HOW TO APPLY THE HEIMLICH MANEUVER The Heimlich maneuver, though similar to CPR with its life saving qualities, serves a different purpose altogether. Designed to aid someone choking on a foreign object, this maneuver is an emergency option. The severity of choking can be determined by whether or not the victim is able to talk. In order to administer the Heimlich maneuver, wrap your arms around the victim, place a fist in between the ribcage and the person`s belly button, and deliver a quick upward thrust. Keep repeating the procedure until the foreign object is dislodged from the body altogether. A point worth noting is that this technique is only designed to apply on adults. FIRST AID SKILL #5: HOW TO TREAT SHOCK Severe blood loss may also lead to a drop in blood pressure. If the bleeding can`t be stopped, shock treatment should be considered in order to save a life. There are multiple checks you need to perform to administer shock treatment effectively: Lay the victim on the back, and raise their feet a foot higher than their head. Assure yourself the victim is breathing, if not you may need to administer CPR. Loosen any clothes and belts etc. that seem to make the victim uncomfortable. Ensure the victim`s airway is clear, and the victim is not bleeding or vomiting. Cover the person ­– ideally, with a blanket – and ensure that they are warm.

1. This type product is also known as separation stretcher, scoop stretcher, PE plastic stretcher, plastic stretcher, etc. At present, the main products are aluminum alloy and plastic. 2. Made of high-strength engineering plastics, the thermal materials will not make the patient feel too hot or too cold, the surface is easy to clean, and it can prevent liquid from infiltrating. It can penetrate X-ray and nuclear magnetic resonance. 3. Foldable design, portable and easy to stack, greatly reducing the space occupied, which is conducive to large-scale applications. 4. Detachable design, with clutch devices at both ends, so that the stretcher is separated into two parts, and the patient can be quickly shoveled or pulled out from the patient's body without moving the patient. The groove at the tip is suitable for maintaining the patient's spine arrangement. 5. Retractable design, the length of the stretcher can be adjusted according to the length of the person, a total of 3 stalls, suitable for patients of any size and height. 6. The product is equipped with safety straps to ensure the safety of the patient. 7. The shovel stretcher can be used with a head restraint. 8. For the head and spine patients can avoid aggravating the condition during handling.

Having a knowledge of basic first aid skills could save someone`s life or your own life. These skills are easy to learn and recall in emergency situations. Basic skills like CPR, setting a splint, stopping bleeding in dire situations, are important life skills. 1. CPR Perhaps the most well-known, and most important first aid skill-CPR. Learning CPR is very simple, it takes about five minutes, and it could save a life. CPR is short for cardiopulmonary resuscitation-it provides artificial ventilation that can preserve brain function, blood circulation, and breathing in a person. In an emergency situation, knowing how to perform CPR is invaluable. 2. Heimlich Maneuver If someone is choking, the Heimlich can dislodge whatever it is that is blocking their airways to save their life or prevent potential brain damage. Typically, a person who has had their airways cut off has about five minutes before brain damage occurs. 3. Set a Splint If you are far away from help and someone in your group has suffered a broken bone, you`ll need to set a splint. If the injury is not set before moving the injured person, it could get worse and cause excessive pain. A split can be set with household items or with a stick and clothing if you out on the trails or in the mountains. 4. Stop the Bleeding When you`re in a situation where someone is bleeding excessively, it`s important to stop the bleeding. The injured person could be bleeding from a main artery or vein, in which case they could bleed out in 10-15 minutes. Stopping the bleeding could be a matter of life or death. Learning how to make a tourniquet is simple and extremely helpful. 5. Treat a Burn There are three degrees of burn injuries and treating each degree is different. First degree burns really just need topical remedies and loose gauze. Second-degree burns will be blistered and a little swollen. Run it under cool water, then treat similar to a first-degree burn. Third-degree burns are classified by whitening of the skin, blistering, and numbness. These burns should be treated by a doctor. 6. Spot a Concussion Concussions are dangerous and require medical attention. After a blow to the head, you should check for symptoms like dizziness, pupil dilation, coherence, etc. If left untreated a concussion can have long term effects on the brain. Seek medical attention if there are any signs of a concussion. 7. Support a Sprain Sprains are common injuries. The sprained joint should be wrapped with an ace bandage and elevated until a doctor can take a look at it. Usually, the best treatment for sprains is R.I.C.E.-rest, ice, compression, elevation. If a sprain is not properly taken care of it can cause long-term cartilage and tissue damage. 8. Sutures and Stitches Hopefully, you never find yourself in a situation where you need to perform stitches, but you never know. You may find yourself in a situation where you need to closure up a wound before getting medical help.

Whether it is a natural or man-made disaster, the rescue stretcher will be one of the indispensable rescue tools. There are various types and names, and they can be divided into simple stretchers, general stretchers, and special-purpose stretchers according to their structure, function, and material characteristics. The special stretcher is mainly designed for the special weather, terrain, injury conditions, and other conditions are not suitable for the use of general stretcher for the design and use. The following is the introduction and use of special stretchers. 1, scoop stretcher Scoop stretchers can minimize secondary damage to the patient's spine during handling. It is mainly applicable to the use of severely wounded personnel. If severely injured personnel are used, the probability of accidents can be reduced. 2, spine board The spine baord is mainly used for fracture wounded patients. For example, the spine plate can be used for fixation and handling of the injured. The plate can be used for the spine and the head injury. The splint can also be used for the transportation of wounded and wounded persons in other places. 3, basket stretcher The structure of the basket stretcher focuses on the breadth, flexibility and speciality of first aid such as air or sea rescue. The frame is rugged and the simple and reliable device allows the operator to take emergency measures safely and quickly. Hook can be linked with the aircraft hook to achieve field rescue. The above 3 kinds of rescue stretchers need to pay attention to the following 4 points when transporting the sick and wounded: 1. Different postures are required for wounded patients with different injuries (diseases); 2. The sick and wounded must buckle up after taking the stretcher to prevent it from falling over; 3, the wounded and the sick should keep the head high when going up and down the stairs, and try to maintain the level; 4. The stretcher should be fixed after getting on the train, and the wounded and sick person should keep their heads facing forward.

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Tourniquet is a simple and practical hemostasis tool, which is currently widely used in emergency treatment of traumatic events, war injuries and daily life injuries. Failure to effectively control bleeding in time is the main cause of death in patients with curable trauma. The use of tourniquets can temporarily stop bleeding and can cope with relatively insufficient resources. The tourniquet hemostasis method is only suitable for extremities, especially for brachial and femoral artery bleeding. We can't use ropes or wires. These things have no elasticity. Although the pressure on the local skin is relatively high, its power cannot be transmitted to the deep layer of the muscles, often strangling the local skin and failing to achieve the purpose of hemostasis. The location of the tourniquet is very important. The tourniquet should be placed on the muscle-rich parts of the limbs. The upper limbs should be placed in the upper arm. The upper 1/3, and the lower limbs should be placed at the base of the thigh near the groin. A soft cloth should be placed when the tourniquet is placed. Protect the skin. As the saying goes, details determine success or failure; at the same time, the tourniquet should be placed firmly and should not slide up and down. The precautions for the use of tourniquets are as follows. First, when using a tourniquet to stop bleeding, the position should be placed at the proximal end of the wound, close to the wound, to the limit that can stop the bleeding, and do not need to be too tight. Generally, the bleeding should be stopped and the pulse cannot be felt at the distal end. Second, it is best not to wrap the tourniquet directly on the surface of the skin. Before using the tourniquet, you should put a cushion on it to prevent the blood band from clamping the damaged skin. Third, the tourniquet should be properly relaxed for 1 to 2 minutes every hour, and the total time of use should not exceed 4 hours to avoid long-term hypoxia. Fourth, we should always pay attention to the injured person's body temperature, pulse, bleeding, and whether there are changes in nearby blood and skin. Fifth, when using a tourniquet for the wounded, it is best to keep a record of the time of use, so that the wounded can be nursed later. Sixth, when loosening the tourniquet, the movement should not be too fast. It is best to press the wound with clean gauze in advance, and then slowly loosen the gauze from the edge. At the same time, hemostatic measures should be taken to prevent severe bleeding from the wound again. All first-aid personnel should be trained in standardized use of tourniquets, and can only take up their posts after passing the examination. The general public should strengthen the popular science education on the use of tourniquets. The content of the education should include: tourniquet indications, tourniquet use location, tourniquet pressure, how to transport and hand over the wounded, correct understanding of the pain during tourniquet use, and hemostasis With the use of complications and other content, the most concise, the easiest to remember, and the easiest way to conduct popular education.